Anxiolytic Effect of Increased NREM Sleep after Acute Social Defeat Stress in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Social defeat stress (SDS) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. Sleep is generally considered to involve recovery of the brain from prior experience during wakefulness and is altered after acute SDS. However, the effect of acute SDS on sleep/wake behavior in mice varies between studies. In addition, whether sleep changes in response to stress contribute to anxiety is not well established. Here, we first investigated the effects of acute SDS on sleep/wake states in the active period in mice. Our results showed that total sleep time (time in rapid eye-movement [REM] and non-REM [NREM] sleep) increased in the active period after acute SDS. NREM sleep increased mainly during the first 3 h after SDS, while REM sleep increased at a later time. Then, we demonstrated that the increased NREM sleep had an anxiolytic benefit in acute SDS. Mice deprived of sleep for 1 h or 3 h after acute SDS remained in a highly anxious state, while in mice with ad libitum sleep the anxiety rapidly faded away. Altogether, our findings suggest an anxiolytic effect of NREM sleep, and indicate a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety.

Prognostic Value of Initial Troponin Ⅰ Level in Non-cardiac Surgery Critically Ill Patients at Intensive Care Unit / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of initial troponin Ⅰ (TnI) level in non-cardiac surgery critically ill patients at surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: We consecutively observed non-cardiac surgery critically ill patients admitted in surgical ICU of our hospital from 2015-01-01 to 2015-12-31. TnI level was measured at the early ICU admission, general clinical data, previous history, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score and mortality were compared between the patients with elevated TnI and normal TnI; TnI level at the early ICU admission, general clinical data, previous history and APACHE Ⅱ score were compared between survival patients and deceased patients. Risk factors for ICU mortality were studied by multivariable regression analysis;predictive values for initial TnI level and APACHE Ⅱ score in mortality were assessed by receiver operating curve (ROC). Results: A total of 1 193 patients were enrolled and 159 (13.3%) of them had TnI elevation upon ICU admission. Compared with normal TnI patients, TnI elevated patients had the higher APACHE Ⅱ score [17.0 (14.0-21.0) vs 15.0 (13.0-18.0)] and ICU mortality (18.2% vs 2.6%), both P=0.000. There were 56 patients died and 1 137 survived, single and multivariable regression analysis indicated that age (OR=1.041), APACHE Ⅱ score (OR=1.218) and initial TnI level (OR=6.366) were the independent risk factors for ICU mortality, all P<0.05. AUC of ROC for predictive value of ICU mortality in APACHE Ⅱ score was 0.763, in initial TnI level was 0.778; their combination AUC was 0.803. Conclusion: Increased TnI level at the early ICU admission was an independent risk factor for ICU mortality in non-cardiac surgery critically ill patients which had predictive value for death.

Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Tuberculous Serpiginous-like Choroiditis and Serpiginous Choroiditis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics of tuberculous serpiginous-like choroiditis (Tb-SLC) and serpiginous choroiditis (SC) and to perform OCT to differentiate between these conditions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This retrospective, case-control study examined consecutively enrolled patients with active Tb-SLC or SC. Patients underwent comprehensive ocular examinations and imaging (OCT, color fundus photography, autofluorescence imaging, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography). Findings were examined and compared between eyes with SC and Tb-SLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine patients with active Tb-SLC (14 eyes) and 8 with active SC (12 eyes) were included. The following OCT findings were observed significantly more often in the Tb-SLC group than in the SC group: vitreal hyper-reflective spots [5 Tb-SLC eyes (36%), no SC eyes; P = 0.02], intraretinal edema [11 Tb-SLC eyes (79%), 3 SC eyes (25%); P = 0.01], sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) drusenoid deposits [11 Tb-SLC eyes (79%), 2 SC eyes (17%); P < 0.01], and choroidal granulomas [8 Tb-SLC eyes (57%), 2 SC eyes (17%); P = 0.03]. A hyporeflective, wedge-shaped band was observed more often in the SC group [5 Tb-SLC eyes (36%), 9 SC eyes (75%); P = 0.045] than in the Tb-SLC group. The incidence of other OCT signs did not differ between the groups and included outer nuclear layer hyper-reflection, outer retinal tabulation, and choriocapillaris point-like hyper-reflection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Vitreal hyper-reflective spots, intraretinal fluid, sub-RPE drusenoid deposits, and choroidal granulomas on OCT images may indicate Tb-SLC. Additionally, a hyporeflective, wedge-shaped band may indicate SC. Therefore, OCT is likely helpful in differentiating between Tb-SLC and SC.</p>

Apoptosis Effects of GM3 Ganglioside on U266 Cells and Its Possible Mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the proliferation- inhibitory and apoptosis inducing effect of ganglioside GM3 on human multiple myeloma cell line U266 cells and its possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to observe the effects of GM3 ganglioside on proliferation and apoptosis of human myeloma cell line U266. Effects of different concentration of ganglioside GM3 on the mRNA expression level of BCL-2 and BAX were detected by Real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>MTT assay and Flow Cytometry showed that ganglioside GM3 could induce the apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of multiple myeloma U266 cell line, and both the effects were enhanced with the increase of GM3 ganglioside concentration. Compared with the control group, the relative expression of BAX mRNA with the increase of GM3 concentration in experimental group was enhanced gradually(r=0.968), while the relative mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 was decreased gradually（r=-0.727).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GM3 ganglioside can induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of U266 cell line in a concentration dependent manner. The mechanism may be related with up- regulation of BAX expression and down-regulation of BCL-2.</p>

Research Advances on Therapy of Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia -Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Acute myeloid leukemia is most common in the elderly patients, and the most elderly patients are thought to be unfit for intensive treatment because of the risk of fatal toxicity, and required other therapeutic approaches to optimize clinical outcome for them. Domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a lot of new drugs and treatment programs. This review focuses on the advances of therapy for elderly acute myeloid leukemia, including biological characteristics of elder AML, adoptive immunotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and so on.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Efficacies of Continuous versus Intermittent Administration of Meropenem in Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The antibiotic meropenem is commonly administered in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We compared the pharmacokinetic, clinical, and bacteriological efficacies of continuous infusion of meropenem versus intermittent administration in such patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with severe sepsis or septic shock who received meropenem were randomly assigned to either the continuous (n = 25) or intermittent groups (n = 25). The continuous group received a loading dose of 0.5 g of meropenem followed by a continuous infusion of 3 g/day; the intermittent group received an initial dose of 1.5 g followed by 1 g for every 8 h. Clinical success, microbiological eradication, superinfection, ICU mortality, length of ICU stay, and duration of meropenem treatment were assessed. Serial plasma meropenem concentrations for the first and third dosing periods (steady state) were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Clinical success was similar in both the continuous (64%) and intermittent (56%) groups (P = 0.564); the rates of microbiological eradication and superinfection (81.8% vs. 66.7% [ P = 0.255] and 4% vs. 16% [ P = 0.157], respectively) showed improvement in the continuous group. The duration of meropenem treatment was significantly shorter in the continuous group (7.6 vs. 9.4 days; P= 0.035), where a better steady-state concentration was also achieved. Peak and trough concentrations were significantly different between the continuous and intermittent groups both in the first (Cmax: 19.8 mg/L vs. 51.8 mg/L, P= 0.000; Cmin: 11.2 mg/L vs. 0.5 mg/L, P= 0.000) and third dosing periods (Cmax: 12.5 mg/L vs. 46.4 mg/L, P= 0.000; Cmin: 11.4 mg/L vs. 0.6 mg/L, P= 0.000). For medium-susceptibility pathogens, continuous infusion concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration were 100%, which was better than that in the intermittent group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Continuous infusion of meropenem provides significantly shorter treatment duration and a tendency for superior bacteriological efficacy than intermittent administration. Continuous infusion may be more optimal against intermediate-susceptibility pathogens.</p>

Pulmonary function testing in Chinese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the diagnostic value of pulmonary function testing in Chinese patients with known pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) without history of lung/heart valve diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pulmonary function testing was performed in 41 PAH patients diagnosed by right heart catheterization and in 17 healthy controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Normal pulmonary function testing results were found in 5 PAH patients (12.2%). Total lung capacity, vital capacity and FEV1 were significantly decreased in PAH patients [(80.27 +/- 11.46)% vs. (94.24 +/- 6.82)%; (79.09 +/- 14.89)% vs. (97.35 +/- 9.51)%; (75.40 +/- 16.58)% vs. (95.12 +/- 12.01)%, respectively, all P < 0.001], the ratio of residual volume/total lung capacity was significantly increased [(117.67 +/- 25.73)% vs. (93.39 +/- 10.87)%, P < 0.001]; FEV1/FVC and maximal expiratory flow of 25% to 75% tended to be lower (-6.0% and -19.4%, P = 0.21 and 0.09) while DLCO and DLCO/VA were significantly decreased by 36.6% and 29.8% (P < 0.001) compared with healthy controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Increased peripheral airway obstruction and normal lung resistance were found in these PAH patients. Normal pulmonary function testing results could not rule out the diagnosis of PAH.</p>

Pulmonary Infection after Abdominal Surgery:Cause Analysis and Prevention / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To lower the incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection in abdominal major operation.METHODS We performed a retrospective trial analysis on pulmonary infection after major abdominal operation in 402 cases from Oct 2004 to Oct 2005,and in the meanwhile effective preventive procedures were conducted.RESULTS Thirty three cases with pulmonary infection went weel with active treatment and nursing.CONCLUSIONS The predisposing factors for postoperative infection include anesthetic method,incision pain,and environmental pollution.The better methods for prevention of pulmonory infection are good preoperative instruction,planned respiration training,keeping airway confluent postoperatively,effectively reducing incision pain,infection control,and preventing environmental and air pollution.

Effect of iontophoresis on skin permeation of defibrase / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effect of iontophoresis on skin permeation of defibrase.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Iontophoresis was carried out in side-by-side chambers, excised rat skin membrane (RSM) or human epidermis membrane (HEM). The effects of electrode polarity, permeation medium pH and ionic strength were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Permeation of defibrase caused by anodal iontophoresis was more effective [the apparent permeability coefficient was (1.2 +/- 0.4) x 10(-4) cm x h(-1)] than that of cathodal iontophoresis [(4.3 +/- 1.4) x 10(-5) cm x h(-1)]. The amount of permeated defibrase caused by anodal iontophoresis in pH 7.4 medium was (25 +/- 5) x 10(-14) mol x cm(-2), which was higher than that of in pH 6. 4 permeation medium [(15 +/- 4) x 10(-14) mol x cm(-2)].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Iontophoresis could enhance skin permeation of defibrase. Electroosmotic flow effect played an important role.</p>

Role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in shear stress-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations of rats / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the role and mechanism of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in shear stress induced vasorelaxation of rat mesenteric artery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The changes in vessel diameter in response to variable flow (0-300 microL.min(-1)) were continuously examined. The contribution of prostacyclin (PGI2), NO and EDHF to shear stress induced relaxation were analyzed by inhibitory effects of indomethacin, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) and KCl. The nature and hyperpolarizing mechanism of EDHF were examined by the inhibitory effects of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 pathway and of various K+ channels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The shear stress-induced relaxation were endothelium dependent and the contribution of NO was more prominent in large mesenteric arteries (400-500 microm) than that in resistance arteries (150-250 microm), whereas that of EDHF was noted in both-sized blood vessels. Tetrabutylammonium (a nonselective inhibitor of K channels) almost abolished, whereas the combination of charybdotoxin (an inhibitor of both large and intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K channels) and apamin (an inhibitor of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K channels) significantly inhibited the EDHF-mediated component of the shear stress-induced relaxations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EDHF plays an important role in shear stress-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations, and K channels especially calcium-activated K channels appear to be involved.</p>

The enhancing effect of electroporation and iontophoresis on the permeation of insulin through human skin / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the enhancing effect of electroporation and iontophoresis on the permeation of insulin through human cadaver skin in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using side by side two-chamber diffusion cells, the flux of insulin achieved with iontophoresis and electrophoration were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The application of high-voltage pulse combined with iontophoresis resulted in higher flux transdermal permeation of insulin than either one technique alone (P < 0.05). Pulsing at a higher voltage increased the flux of insulin more dramatically than pulsing at a lower voltage (P < 0.01). The transdermal transport of insulin by 90 pulse of 500 V (exponential pulse generater, pulse time: 20-24 ms, pulse frequency: 3 pulse.min-1) followed by iontophoresis led to a quick input and a high steady flux.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Electroporation combined with iontophoresis can enhance the permeation of insulin significantly.</p>

Study on preparation and oral efficacy of insulin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the possibility of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) as a carrier for the delivery of macromolecular.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Insulin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (INS-PLGA-NPs) was prepared by a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The size distribution was examined by photo-correlation spectrometry. The entrapment efficiency was determined by HPLC and important factors that affected the entrapment efficiency were investigated. The loading mechanism of different size nanoparticles was assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). INS-PLGA-NPs release behavior in vitro was carried out under sink condition. After oral administration of the nanoparticles to alloxan-induced diabetic rats, its glucose level was determined by glucose oxidize method and the oral pharmacological bioavailability in contrast to s.c. of insulin solution was calculated according to the area over the curve.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The INS-PLGA-NPs was prepared with poloxamer 188 as a emulsifier, the mean diameter was 149.6 nm and the polydispersity index was decreased to 0.09. While the entrapment efficiency was increased to 42.8%. Most of the insulin loaded was adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles. The release behavior in vitro showed an initial burst effect followed by a slower rate stage. After oral administration of 10 u.kg-1 INS-PLGA-NPs, the plasma glucose level decreased significantly after 4 h (P < 0.05), 10 h later the glucose level decreased to the lowest (52.4% +/- 10.2%, P < 0.01) and the relative pharmacological bioavailability is (10.3 +/- 0.8)%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PLGA-NPs might be used as a new oral carrier for protein drug delivery systems in the future.</p>